Nutritional deficiency Anemia

Nutritional deficiency Anemia

Prolonged nutritional deficiencies of protein and several vitamins and minerals essential for erythrocyte production lead to anemia in humans and animals , the type of anemia varies with nutrient lacking .Protein and some vitamins (niacin , riboflavin and pantothenic acid )deficiencies causing normocytic anemia .A marked normocytic anemia with bone marrow abnormalities develops in vitamin E deficiency , Sever microcytic anemia is characteristic of iron , copper and pyridoxine deficiencies vitamin B12 deficiency causes macrocyte normochromic anemia .Also folate deficiency causes macrocytic normochromic anemia

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MICROSCOPIC URINALYSIS

MICROSCOPIC URINALYSIS Methodology A sample of well-mixed urine (usually 10-15 ml) is centrifuged in a test tube at relatively low speed (about 2-3,000 rpm) for 5-10 minutes until a moderately cohesive button is produced at the bottom of the tube. The supernatant is decanted and a volume of 0.2 to 0.5 ml is left inside the tube. The sediment is resuspended in the remaining supernatant by flicking the bottom of the tube several times. A drop of resuspended sediment is poured onto a glass slide and coverslipped.

Liver Enzymes

Liver Enzymes Definition A liver enzyme is a protein that helps to speed up a chemical reaction in the liver. Liver function tests are blood tests that are used to evaluate various functions of the liver - for example, metabolism, storage, filtration and excretion, which are often performed by liver enzymes. However, not all liver function tests are measures of enzyme function. • ALT - (alanine aminotransferase ) - was previously called SGPT is more specific for liver damage. The ALT is an enzyme that is produced in the liver cells (hepatocytes) therefore it is more specific for liver disease than some of the other enzymes. It is generally increased in situations where there is damage to the liver cell membranes. All types of liver inflammation can cause raised ALT. • AST - (aspartate aminotransferase) which was previously called SGOT. This is a mitochondrial enzyme that is also present in heart, muscle, kidney and brain therefore it is less specific

Interpretation Of Lab Results

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