Blood Loss or Hemorrhagic Anemia

Blood Loss or Hemorrhagic Anemia

1 - Acute blood loss

Stages of hemorrhagic anemia

-Few hours after acute blood loss yield normal values for RBC count , PCV , Hb concentration and total plasma protein concentration .

- After one day of blood loss , blood sample shows a normocytic normochromic anemia with hyperproteinemia , This because hemodilution as a result of expansion of plasma volume because extravascular fluid begins to move into the vascular space

- Platelets number increases causing a shortening of coagulation .

- The Leukocyte number increases within hours with shift to left .

In sever blood loss leukocytosis may causes rise in body temperature .

- After 72 - 96 hours of blood loss . this stage characterized by presence of immature erythroctes in the circulation (reticulocytosis ) . the peak of release of reticulocytosis occurs between 5 th and 7 th days

Hematological findings

- RBCs shows macrocytic hypochromic anemia

- MCV increased while MCH and MCHC decreased

- Blood film , erythrocytes are polychromatic and increased in the size (macrocyte) , Howell - Jolly bodies ( nuclear remnants within the RBC) are present .

- Plasma protein concentration id low

- Bone marrow : M:E ratio's is below normal

2 - Chronic blood loss

Chronic blood loss Caused by :

- parasites ( ticks , lice , fleas , hook worm )

- Coagulation disorders , vitamin K deficiency , hemophilia .

- Neoplasms

- Gastrointestinal lesions

- Thrombocytopenia

Comments

MICROSCOPIC URINALYSIS

MICROSCOPIC URINALYSIS Methodology A sample of well-mixed urine (usually 10-15 ml) is centrifuged in a test tube at relatively low speed (about 2-3,000 rpm) for 5-10 minutes until a moderately cohesive button is produced at the bottom of the tube. The supernatant is decanted and a volume of 0.2 to 0.5 ml is left inside the tube. The sediment is resuspended in the remaining supernatant by flicking the bottom of the tube several times. A drop of resuspended sediment is poured onto a glass slide and coverslipped.

Liver Enzymes

Liver Enzymes Definition A liver enzyme is a protein that helps to speed up a chemical reaction in the liver. Liver function tests are blood tests that are used to evaluate various functions of the liver - for example, metabolism, storage, filtration and excretion, which are often performed by liver enzymes. However, not all liver function tests are measures of enzyme function. • ALT - (alanine aminotransferase ) - was previously called SGPT is more specific for liver damage. The ALT is an enzyme that is produced in the liver cells (hepatocytes) therefore it is more specific for liver disease than some of the other enzymes. It is generally increased in situations where there is damage to the liver cell membranes. All types of liver inflammation can cause raised ALT. • AST - (aspartate aminotransferase) which was previously called SGOT. This is a mitochondrial enzyme that is also present in heart, muscle, kidney and brain therefore it is less specific

Interpretation Of Lab Results

Search This Blog