Megaloblastic anemia

Megaloblastic anemia

Definitions - causes of megaloblastic anemia

Definition

megaloblastic anemia are disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis characterized by megaloblastic cells im the bone marrow which are large erythroid precursors with immature nuclei but with increasing hemoglobinization in the cytoplasm

This resulting in macrocytes in the peripheral blood . Because nuclear maturation is dependant on DNA synthesis . Vitamin B12 and folate are essential for DNA synthesis and their deficiency results in megaloblastic anemia

Causes of megaloblastic anemia

1 - Dietary lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid .

2 - Malabsorption of B12 caused by the following

- pernicious anemia

- Gastrectomy in humans

- Lymphoma of stomach and small intestine

- Parasitic infestation

- T.B of ilium

- Chronic enteritis

3 - Drugs such as , anticonvulsive drugs

4 - Increased physiologic need during pregnancy and neonatal period

Comments

MICROSCOPIC URINALYSIS

MICROSCOPIC URINALYSIS Methodology A sample of well-mixed urine (usually 10-15 ml) is centrifuged in a test tube at relatively low speed (about 2-3,000 rpm) for 5-10 minutes until a moderately cohesive button is produced at the bottom of the tube. The supernatant is decanted and a volume of 0.2 to 0.5 ml is left inside the tube. The sediment is resuspended in the remaining supernatant by flicking the bottom of the tube several times. A drop of resuspended sediment is poured onto a glass slide and coverslipped.

Liver Enzymes

Liver Enzymes Definition A liver enzyme is a protein that helps to speed up a chemical reaction in the liver. Liver function tests are blood tests that are used to evaluate various functions of the liver - for example, metabolism, storage, filtration and excretion, which are often performed by liver enzymes. However, not all liver function tests are measures of enzyme function. • ALT - (alanine aminotransferase ) - was previously called SGPT is more specific for liver damage. The ALT is an enzyme that is produced in the liver cells (hepatocytes) therefore it is more specific for liver disease than some of the other enzymes. It is generally increased in situations where there is damage to the liver cell membranes. All types of liver inflammation can cause raised ALT. • AST - (aspartate aminotransferase) which was previously called SGOT. This is a mitochondrial enzyme that is also present in heart, muscle, kidney and brain ...

Gamma globulins

Gamma globulins Increased in immunoglobulins are often referred to as hyper gammaglobulinemia or gammopathies Hypogammaglobulinemia This most often results from decreased synthesis , but could also be associated with increased loss . 1 - Decreased synthesis ( High A : G ratio ) a- failure of passive transfer or colostrum deprivation b - Combined immunodeficiency disease ( Both T & B cells are deficient ) c - Agammaglobulinemia d - Acquired deficiency associated with inflammation , immunosuppressive drugs or neoplasia

Interpretation Of Lab Results

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