Skip to main content

Total Protein and Fractions

Total Protein and Fractions

Synonyms  - Specimen - Reference Value - Method - Description - Indications - Interpretation



Synonyms : TP,SPEP (fractions including albumin , alfa1globulin , alfa2-globulin , and gama-globulin).


Specimen : Serum
Reference Value 
TP: Adult 6.0 - 8.0 g/d L , Albumin 3.4 - 4.8 g/d L , Alf1-globulin 0.2 - 0.4 g/d l , Alfa2-globulin 0.6 - 1.2 g/d L , Beta-globulin 0.5 - 1.0 g /dL ,Gama-globulin 0.6 -1.2 g/dL

Method : Spectrophotometry for total protein ,
                electrophoresis for protein fractions 

Description

Protein is essential to all physiologic functions.
Proteins consists of amino acids , the building blocks of blood and body tissues .
Protein is also required for the regulation of metabolic processes , immunity and proper water balance .

Total protein includes albumin and globulins .

Alfa1-Globulin includes Alfa1-antitrypsin , Alfa1-fetoprotein , Alfa1-acid glycoprotein ,Alfa1-antichymotrypsin , inter -Alfa1-trypsin inhibitor , high density lipoprotein , and group specific component( Vitamin D- binding protein ) . Alfa2-Globulin includes haptoglobin , ceruloplasmin, and Alfa2-macroglobin.

Beta-Globulin includes transferrin , hemopexin, very low -density lipoproteins , low density lipoproteins , Beta2-microglobulin , fibrinogen , complement , and C reactive protein .

Gama-globulin includes immunoglobulinG (IgG , IgA , IgM ,IgD and IgE . After an acute infection or trauma , many of the liver - derived proteins increase , whereas albumin decreases .

Serum contains all of the plasma proteins except for the non-enzymatic  coagulation proteins : fibrinogen and factors five and eight .

These proteins are consumed in the formation of the clot
Indications

-Evaluation of edema

- evaluation of nutritional status
Interpretation

                            Increased

- Alfa1-Globulin proteins in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases .

- Alfa2-Globulin proteins occasionally in diabetes , pancreatitis and hemolysis

- Beta-Globulin proteins in hyper-lipoproteinemias and monoclonal gammopathies 

-Gama-Globulin proteins in chronic liver diseases , chronic infections ,autoimmune disorders ,hepatitis , cirrhosis and lymphoproliferative disorders

Total  protein

- Dehydration

- Monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathies

-Myeloma

-Sarcoidosis

- Some types of chronic liver disease

                       Decreased

- Alf1-Globulin proteins in hereditary deficiency . 
- Alf2-Globulin proteins in nephritic syndrome , malignancies numerous subacute and chronic inflammatory disorders , recovery stage of severe burns 
- Beta-Globulin proteins in hypo-beta-lipoproteinemias and IgA deficiency 
- Gama-Globulin proteins in immune deficiency or suppression 

Total Protein 
- Administration of intravenous fluids 
- Burns 
- Cirrhosis 
- Hyperthyroidism 
-Mal absorption
- Malnutrition 
- Nephrotic  Syndrome 
- Pregnancy 
- Prolonged immobilization 
- Protein - losing enteropathies 
- Starvation 






Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

MICROSCOPIC URINALYSIS

MICROSCOPIC URINALYSIS   Methodology A sample of well-mixed   urine (usually 10-15 ml) is centrifuged in a test tube at relatively low speed (about 2-3,000 rpm) for 5-10 minutes until a moderately cohesive button is produced at the bottom of the tube. The supernatant is decanted and a volume of 0.2 to 0.5 ml is left inside the tube. The sediment is resuspended in the remaining supernatant by flicking the bottom of the tube several times. A drop of resuspended sediment is poured onto a glass slide and coverslipped.
1 comment
Read more

Liver Enzymes

Liver Enzymes   Definition A liver enzyme is a protein that helps to speed up a chemical reaction in the   liver. Liver function tests are blood tests that are used to evaluate various functions of the liver - for example, metabolism, storage, filtration and excretion, which are often performed by liver enzymes. However, not all liver function tests are measures of enzyme function. • ALT - (alanine aminotransferase )   - was previously called SGPT is more specific for liver damage. The ALT is an enzyme that is produced in the liver cells (hepatocytes) therefore it is more specific for liver disease than some of the other enzymes. It is generally increased in situations where there is damage to the liver cell membranes. All types of liver inflammation can cause raised ALT.    • AST - (aspartate aminotransferase) which was previously called SGOT. This is a mitochondrial enzyme that is also present in heart, muscle, kidney and brain ...
3 comments
Read more

Gamma globulins

Gamma globulins   Increased in immunoglobulins are often referred to as hyper gammaglobulinemia or gammopathies  Hypogammaglobulinemia This most often results from  decreased synthesis , but could also be associated with increased loss .  1 - Decreased synthesis ( High A : G ratio )  a- failure of passive transfer or colostrum deprivation  b - Combined immunodeficiency disease ( Both T & B cells are deficient )  c - Agammaglobulinemia  d - Acquired deficiency associated with inflammation , immunosuppressive drugs or neoplasia 
Post a Comment
Read more