Total Protein and Fractions
Synonyms - Specimen - Reference Value - Method - Description - Indications - Interpretation
Synonyms : TP,SPEP (fractions including albumin , alfa1globulin , alfa2-globulin , and gama-globulin).
Specimen : Serum
Reference Value
TP: Adult 6.0 - 8.0 g/d L , Albumin 3.4 - 4.8 g/d L , Alf1-globulin 0.2 - 0.4 g/d l , Alfa2-globulin 0.6 - 1.2 g/d L , Beta-globulin 0.5 - 1.0 g /dL ,Gama-globulin 0.6 -1.2 g/dL
Method : Spectrophotometry for total protein ,
Method : Spectrophotometry for total protein ,
electrophoresis for protein fractions
Description
Protein is essential to all physiologic functions.
Proteins consists of amino acids , the building blocks of blood and body tissues .
Protein is also required for the regulation of metabolic processes , immunity and proper water balance .
Total protein includes albumin and globulins .
Alfa1-Globulin includes Alfa1-antitrypsin , Alfa1-fetoprotein , Alfa1-acid glycoprotein ,Alfa1-antichymotrypsin , inter -Alfa1-trypsin inhibitor , high density lipoprotein , and group specific component( Vitamin D- binding protein ) . Alfa2-Globulin includes haptoglobin , ceruloplasmin, and Alfa2-macroglobin.
Beta-Globulin includes transferrin , hemopexin, very low -density lipoproteins , low density lipoproteins , Beta2-microglobulin , fibrinogen , complement , and C reactive protein .
Gama-globulin includes immunoglobulinG (IgG , IgA , IgM ,IgD and IgE . After an acute infection or trauma , many of the liver - derived proteins increase , whereas albumin decreases .
Serum contains all of the plasma proteins except for the non-enzymatic coagulation proteins : fibrinogen and factors five and eight .
These proteins are consumed in the formation of the clot
Indications
-Evaluation of edema
- evaluation of nutritional status
Interpretation
Increased
- Alfa1-Globulin proteins in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases .
- Alfa2-Globulin proteins occasionally in diabetes , pancreatitis and hemolysis
- Beta-Globulin proteins in hyper-lipoproteinemias and monoclonal gammopathies
-Gama-Globulin proteins in chronic liver diseases , chronic infections ,autoimmune disorders ,hepatitis , cirrhosis and lymphoproliferative disorders
Total protein
- Dehydration
- Monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathies
-Myeloma
-Sarcoidosis
- Some types of chronic liver disease
Decreased
- Alf1-Globulin proteins in hereditary deficiency .
- Alf2-Globulin proteins in nephritic syndrome , malignancies numerous subacute and chronic inflammatory disorders , recovery stage of severe burns
- Beta-Globulin proteins in hypo-beta-lipoproteinemias and IgA deficiency
- Gama-Globulin proteins in immune deficiency or suppression
Total Protein
- Administration of intravenous fluids
- Burns
- Cirrhosis
- Hyperthyroidism
-Mal absorption
- Malnutrition
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Pregnancy
- Prolonged immobilization
- Protein - losing enteropathies
- Starvation