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Total Protein and Fractions

Total Protein and Fractions

Synonyms  - Specimen - Reference Value - Method - Description - Indications - Interpretation



Synonyms : TP,SPEP (fractions including albumin , alfa1globulin , alfa2-globulin , and gama-globulin).


Specimen : Serum
Reference Value 
TP: Adult 6.0 - 8.0 g/d L , Albumin 3.4 - 4.8 g/d L , Alf1-globulin 0.2 - 0.4 g/d l , Alfa2-globulin 0.6 - 1.2 g/d L , Beta-globulin 0.5 - 1.0 g /dL ,Gama-globulin 0.6 -1.2 g/dL

Method : Spectrophotometry for total protein ,
                electrophoresis for protein fractions 

Description

Protein is essential to all physiologic functions.
Proteins consists of amino acids , the building blocks of blood and body tissues .
Protein is also required for the regulation of metabolic processes , immunity and proper water balance .

Total protein includes albumin and globulins .

Alfa1-Globulin includes Alfa1-antitrypsin , Alfa1-fetoprotein , Alfa1-acid glycoprotein ,Alfa1-antichymotrypsin , inter -Alfa1-trypsin inhibitor , high density lipoprotein , and group specific component( Vitamin D- binding protein ) . Alfa2-Globulin includes haptoglobin , ceruloplasmin, and Alfa2-macroglobin.

Beta-Globulin includes transferrin , hemopexin, very low -density lipoproteins , low density lipoproteins , Beta2-microglobulin , fibrinogen , complement , and C reactive protein .

Gama-globulin includes immunoglobulinG (IgG , IgA , IgM ,IgD and IgE . After an acute infection or trauma , many of the liver - derived proteins increase , whereas albumin decreases .

Serum contains all of the plasma proteins except for the non-enzymatic  coagulation proteins : fibrinogen and factors five and eight .

These proteins are consumed in the formation of the clot
Indications

-Evaluation of edema

- evaluation of nutritional status
Interpretation

                            Increased

- Alfa1-Globulin proteins in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases .

- Alfa2-Globulin proteins occasionally in diabetes , pancreatitis and hemolysis

- Beta-Globulin proteins in hyper-lipoproteinemias and monoclonal gammopathies 

-Gama-Globulin proteins in chronic liver diseases , chronic infections ,autoimmune disorders ,hepatitis , cirrhosis and lymphoproliferative disorders

Total  protein

- Dehydration

- Monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathies

-Myeloma

-Sarcoidosis

- Some types of chronic liver disease

                       Decreased

- Alf1-Globulin proteins in hereditary deficiency . 
- Alf2-Globulin proteins in nephritic syndrome , malignancies numerous subacute and chronic inflammatory disorders , recovery stage of severe burns 
- Beta-Globulin proteins in hypo-beta-lipoproteinemias and IgA deficiency 
- Gama-Globulin proteins in immune deficiency or suppression 

Total Protein 
- Administration of intravenous fluids 
- Burns 
- Cirrhosis 
- Hyperthyroidism 
-Mal absorption
- Malnutrition 
- Nephrotic  Syndrome 
- Pregnancy 
- Prolonged immobilization 
- Protein - losing enteropathies 
- Starvation 






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